The Latest Research Progress of Selinexor in the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a common lymphoid hematological malignancy, the treatment and prognosis of NHL have always been the focus of clinical attention. Chemotherapy is the main first-line treatment, but there is still no effective treatment for patients with poor response to chemotherapy, recurrence or progression within a short period of time after treatment, and new and effective drugs need to be developed clinically. As the only clinically validated oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), Selinexor has been approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma, clinical attempts are being made to apply it to the treatment of other hematological malignancies.This article reviews the anti-tumor mechanism of Selinexor and the latest research progress in its application in NHL, and provides ideas for a more diverse, standardized and effective applications of Selinexor in NHL.

Analysis of Agranulocytosis Time and Its Influencing Factors in Patients with Hematological Malignancies Treated with rhIL-11 combined rhG-CSF / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the intervention effect of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) and recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on the duration and severity of agranulocytosis in patients with hematological malignancies after chemotherapy, and to analyze the influencing factors.@*METHODS@#The data of hematological malignancy patients treated with rhIL-11 and rhG-CSF after chemotherapy in the hematology department of The First Hospital of Lanzhou University from July 2017 to July 2020 were collected retrospectively. The duration and differences of agranulocytosis in differeent groups were compared by univariate analysis, and the influencing factors of agranulocytosis duration were further analyzed by multiple regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#The duration of agranulocytosis in 97 patients was 6.47±2.93 days. The results of univariate analysis showed that there were no statistical differences in the duration of agranulocytosis among patients with different sex, age, height, weight, body surface area, body mass index (BMI), dose of rhG-CSF, dose of rhIL-11, spontaneous bleeding after administration of rhG-CSF and rhIL-11, and the duration of agranulocytosis in patients with different red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin(HGB) level, platelet count (PLT) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC), before administration of rhG-CSF and rhIL-11. There were significant differences in agranulocytosis time among patients with different disease types, chemotherapy cycle, fever after rhG-CSF and rhIL-11 administration, and different white blood cell count (WBC) baseline level before rhG-CSF and rhIL-11 administration (P＜0.05). Compared with patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) had the longest duration of agranulocytosis, which was 7.07±3.05 d. Compared with patients with chemotherapy cycles of 4－6 and ≥7, patients with total chemotherapy cycle of 1－3 had the shortest duration of agranulocytosis, which was 5.25±2.48 d. Compared with patients without fever, patients with fever within 1 day after administration of cytokines and patients with fever within 2-5 days after administration of cytokines, the duration of agranulocytosis was the longest in patients with fever 6 days after administration of cytokines, which was 8.85±2.85 d. Compared with patients with WBC baseline <1.0×109/L, (1.0－1.9)×109/L and (2.0－3.9)×109/L, patients with WBC baseline ≥4.0×109/L had the shortest duration of agranulocytosis, which was 4.50±2.56 d. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that chemotherapy cycle, different fever after administration of rhG-CSF and rhIL-11, diagnosis of ALL and NHL, and WBC baseline level before administration of rhG-CSF and rhIL-11 were the influencing factors of the duration of agranulocytosis (P＜0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The risk of prolonged agranulocytosis is higher in patients diagnosed with AML, with more chemotherapy cycles, lower WBC baseline before cytokines administration and fever later after cytokines administration, which should be paid more attention to.

Clinical Efficacy of High Dose Methotrexate, Temozolomide and Rituximab in the Treatment of Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of high dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), temozolomide (TMZ), and rituximab (R) in the treatment of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of patients with PCNSL diagnosed and treated in Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from February 2010 to May 2017 were collected. First, patients were given 6-8 cycles of MTX (3.5 g/m@*RESULTS@#There were 42 patients enrolled in the study, 17 cases in HD-MTX+TMZ group and 25 cases in HD-MTX+TMZ+R group. The median PFS and OS times in HD-MTX+TMZ+R group were 56.7 months and N/A, respectively, while, 7.3 months and 34.7 months in HD-MTX+TMZ group, respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in median survival between patients who received TMZ maintenance therapy and those who were only actively monitored. During the induction period, all the patients had grade 1-2 nausea and vomiting, while in the consolidation treatment period, no grade 3/4 toxicity was observed.@*CONCLUSION@#The combination of HD-MTX+TMZ+R in the treatment of PCNSL patients shows a definite short-term effect, which can increase the survival rate of the patients. The side effects are mild, and the patients can generally tolerate.

New Advances in the Treatment of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma outside the lymph nodes. At present, high-dose chemotherapy based on methotrexate is the standard induction therapy for newly diagnosed PCNSL, but the effective therapy of relapse/refractory and elderly PCNSL is still unclear. With the progress of clinical trials, new drugs and combined treatment method appear constantly, such as rituximab and ibrutinib, the remission rate of refractory and relapsed patients increased, while lenalidomide showed a good activity in the maintenance treatment of elderly patients. This review summarized briefly the recent advances of research on immunocheckpoint inhibitors, immunoregulatory agents, bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors.

Clinical Efficiency of Rituximab Combined with Autologous Hematopoietic Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Treatment of CD20 / 中国实验血液学杂志

METHODS@#From January 2005 to December 2013, 83 patients with refractory/recurrent CD20@*RESULTS@#All the patient achieved complete response. The median follow.up time was 39 months. Both the two groups collected peripheral blood stem cells successfully, and had no difference in hematopoietic reconstitution time. Three patients in treatment group and six patients in control group relapsed and the three year overall survival and EFS in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group, that is（93.0% vs 73.1%, P=0.037） and （89.5% vs 65.4%, P=0.034）, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that: compared with the treatment group in which using R in the whole courses(before and after transplantation, and collection of stem cells) was superior to the control group in both OS and EFS, with the OS 97% vs 87.5% (P>0.05) and EFS 97% vs 76.2% (P=0.05) respectively. While stratified by the different courses of rituximab, the OS was 88.9% (1-2 courses, 9 cases), 93.1% (3-4 courses, 29 cases), 94.7%(more than 5 courses,19 cases), and EFS was 77.8%, 89.7% and 94.7%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#For the patients with refractory/recurrent CD20

Bendamustine treatment of Chinese patients with relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Bendamustine was approved in China on May 26th, 2019 by the National Medical Product Administration for the treatment of indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The current study was the registration trial and the first reported evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of bendamustine in Chinese adult patients with indolent B-cell NHL following relapse after chemotherapy and rituximab treatment.@*METHODS@#This was a prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 study (NCT01596621; C18083/3076) with a 2-year follow-up period. Eligible patients received bendamustine hydrochloride 120 mg/m2 infused intravenously on days 1 and 2 of each 21-day treatment cycle for at least six planned cycles (and up to eight cycles). The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR); and secondary endpoints were duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS), safety, and pharmacokinetics. Patients were classified according to their best overall response after initiation of therapy. Proportions of patients in each response category (complete response [CR], partial response [PR], stable disease, or progressive disease) were summarized along with a two-sided binomial exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the ORR.@*RESULTS@#A total of 102 patients were enrolled from 20 centers between August 6th, 2012, and June 18th, 2015. At the time of the primary analysis, the ORR was 73% (95% CI: 63%-81%) per Independent Review Committee (IRC) including 19% CR and 54% PR. With the follow-up period, the median DoR was 16.2 months by IRC and 13.4 months by investigator assessment; the median PFS was 18.6 months and 15.3 months, respectively. The most common non-hematologic adverse events (AEs) were gastrointestinal toxicity, pyrexia, and rash. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was reported in 76% of patients. Serious AEs were reported in 29 patients and five patients died during the study. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the characteristics of bendamustine and its metabolites M3 and M4 were generally consistent with those reported for other ethnicities.@*CONCLUSION@#Bendamustine is an active and effective therapy in Chinese patients with relapsed, indolent B-cell NHL, with a comparable risk/benefit relationship to that reported in North American patients.@*CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT01596621; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01596621.

Clinical practice guideline for lympoma in China (2021 Edition) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Lymphoma is one of the most common malignancies in China. In China, there were 6 829 new Hodgkin lymphoma cases and 2 807 deaths in 2020, with 92 834 new non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases and 54 351 deaths. Due to the complicated pathological subtypes and heterogeity, the treatment strategies for lymphoma vary largely. In recent years, with the deep understanding for the nature of lymphoma, much research progress has been achieved in the diagnosis and treatment, leading to a remarkable improvement in survival outcome of patients. In order to update the progress in the treatment of lymphoma worldwide timely, and further improve the level of standardized diagnosis and treatment of lymphoma in China, the China Anti-cancer Association Lymphoma Committee, Chinese Association for Clinical Oncologists, and Medical Oncology Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare organized experts to formulate "Clinical practice guideline for lympoma in China (2021 Edition)" .

Infectious complications as a predictor of mortality in patients with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma receiving rituximab- containing chemotherapy

Abstract Background Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that increases the disease-free and overall survival of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) CD20+. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence and spectrum of infections in patients with NHL receiving rituximab-containing chemotherapy and the impact on survival. Materials and Methods From January 2011 to December 2012, all patients diagnosed with NHL who received at least one dose of rituximab were included. Results During the study period, 265 patients received rituximab; 108 (40.8%) males; the mean age was 60 ± 15 years. There were 177 infections in 85 patients, being the most common febrile neutropenia (n = 38; 21.5%) and mucosal barrier injury-related infections (n = 28; 15.8%). In 88 events (49%), there was a microbiologic diagnosis, being bacterial infection the most frequent (39.6%), but tuberculosis (TB) was developed in 4 cases (1.5%; incidence rate 721/100,000 person-year). During follow-up, 71 patients died (27%); in 35 cases, it was related to infection. There were no differences in follow-up between those who died due to infection versus those who died from another cause (p = 0.188). Multivariate analysis for mortality showed that age >60 years, failure to achieve a complete response, and development of an infectious complication increased the risk of death. Conclusions It is important to perform a screening test for TB in all patients who will receive rituximab and maintain a constant monitoring to detect an infectious process and begin treatment as soon as possible.

Uso de rituximabe no tratamento de linfoma linfoplasmocítico durante terapia de substituição renal contínua / Rituximab use for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma during continuous renal replacement therapy

RESUMO A segurança e a eficácia do rituximabe em pacientes com comprometimento renal não foram estabelecidas, e o mesmo ocorre com os efeitos da hemodiálise nos níveis séricos de rituximabe. Atualmente, apenas alguns relatos de caso avaliaram o nível sérico de rituximabe antes e após a diálise. Não foram até aqui publicados dados relativos ao uso de rituximabe em pacientes sob terapia de substituição renal contínua. Os autores apresentam um caso referente a uma mulher com 59 anos de idade atendida com quadro de tetraparesia paraneoplásica. Ela foi admitida no serviço de medicina intensiva devido a hemorragia alveolar com insuficiência respiratória e lesão renal aguda, que necessitou da utilização de terapia de substituição renal contínua. Após os procedimentos diagnósticos, estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de linfoma linfoplasmocítico. Deu-se início ao tratamento com rituximabe e ciclofosfamida. Os níveis de rituximabe foram determinados no soro e no dialisato. Não se encontrou qualquer nível de rituximabe no dialisato. A paciente faleceu após 2 meses no serviço de medicina intensiva por pneumonia nosocomial causada por Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a múltiplos fármacos.

ABSTRACT Rituximab safety and efficacy in patients with renal impairment have not been established, nor have the effects of hemodialysis on serum rituximab level. There are only a few published case reports assessing serum rituximab level pre- and postdialysis. No data have been published regarding the usage of rituximab in patients with continuous renal replacement therapy. The authors present a case of a 59-year-old female patient who presented with paraneoplastic tetraparesis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit due to alveolar hemorrhage with respiratory failure and acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. After a diagnostic workup, the diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma was established. Therapy with rituximab and cyclophosphamide was started. Rituximab levels were determined in serum and dialysate. No rituximab was found in the dialysate. The patient died after 2 months in the intensive care unit from nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Evolución de un linfoma no Hodgkin "triple expresor" en un paciente trasplantado renal con quimioterapia DA-R-EPOCH. Caso clínico / Triple expressor lymphoma in a kidney transplant patient

Patients transplanted from solid organs have an increased risk of cancer, especially lymphomas. Lymphomas correspond to 4 to 5% of malignant neoplasms in the general population and in solid organ transplant patients it reaches an incidence of 21%. The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphomas is 10 times higher than in the non-transplanted population. We report the case of a 68-year-old man with a kidney transplant who 6 years after transplantation, developed a non-Hodgkin diffuse large cells B lymphoma with lymph node and pulmonary involvement, with markers of very poor prognosis (triple MYC expressor, BCL2 and BCL6). and its evolution with chemotherapy with DA R EPOCH.

Enfermedad linfoproliferativa asociada a artritis reumatoide: reporte de tres casos / Lymphoproliferative disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis: report of three cases

Las investigaciones en la última década han demostrado que el riesgo de desarrollar linfoma en pacientes con artritis reumatoide es el doble que el riesgo de la población general. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos de la magnitud de este problema en Cuba. Se presentan los casos de tres pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide seropositiva tratadas con metotrexate, que durante su evolución desarrollaron linfoma no Hodgkin. Las pacientes recibieron quimioterapia de primera línea y alcanzaron remisión total con supervivencia de tres años hasta el momento. El diagnóstico de las enfermedades linfoproliferativas en pacientes con artritis reumatoide es un desafío; por lo que es necesario un elevado índice de sospecha que, en ausencia de marcadores fiables de linfomagénesis, permita el manejo oportuno de estos pacientes(AU)

Research in the last decade has shown that the risk of developing lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is twice the risk of the general population. However, there is not data on the magnitude of this problem in Cuba.We present the cases of three patients with a diagnosis of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate who during their evolution developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.The patients received first-line chemotherapy and they achieved total remission with three-year survival so far.The diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a challenge; therefore, a high index of suspicion is necessary that, in the absence of reliable markers of lymphomagenesis, allows the timely management of these patients(AU)

Oligoartritis, paniculitis y pioderma gangrenoso como manifestaciones de un Linfoma no Hodgkin / Oligoarthritis, panniculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: report of one case

An assortment of clinical and laboratory abnormalities may occur as paraneoplastic syndromes in lymphomas. Rheumatological and dermatological manifestations such as paraneoplastic arthritis and pyoderma gangrenosum must be underscored. We report a 28 years old woman who developed pyoderma gangrenosum and two years later presented with arthritis of knees and ankles associated with panniculitis interpreted as erythema induratum that was pathologically confirmed. She developed a reactivation of pyoderma gangrenosum, that was refractory to treatment. Complementary studies showed a pulmonary nodule and a right paravertebral mass with involvement of the psoas muscle. Biopsies of both masses and a new pathological skin study demonstrated a large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Viral Outcome in Patients with Occult HBV Infection or HCV-Ab Positivity Treated for Lymphoma

ABSTRACT HBV and HCV reactivation has been widely reported in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for oncohaematological diseases. We aimed to evaluate the HBV and HCV reactivation events in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) underwent cytotoxic chemotherapy containing or not rituximab. This is a retrospective observational study, including all patients with NHL and HL attending an Italian tertiary referral hospital, the University of Naples "Federico II". A total of 322 patients were enrolled. We evaluated serum HBV and HCV markers. A total of 47 (38%) patients with occult HBV infection were enrolled. Seven/47 were treated with therapeutic cytotoxic schedule containing rituximab. Of them, 6/7 received prophylaxis with lamivudine. HBV reactivation was observed in two patients treated with rituximab. A reactivation was observed in the only patient (HBcAb+/HBsAb+) not receiving lamivudine prophylaxis, and the other one was observed in 1 patient with isolated HBcAb positivity during lamivudine prophylaxis. Moreover, 8 patients with HCV-Ab positivity were enrolled. No viral reactivation was observed in these patients. In conclusion, patients with occult HBV infection receiving chemotherapy containing rituximab for lymphoma without antiviral prophylaxis are at risk of viral reactivation. On the contrary, there is no risk of reactivation in patients undergoing rituximab-free schedule. Our findings suggest that there is also very low risk of HCV reactivation. This preliminary report underlines the concept that HBV reactivation is strongly related to the type of immunosuppressive therapy administered and that antiviral prophylaxis needs to be tailored.

Rituximabe subcutâneo para o tratamento de linfoma não Hodgkin difuso de grandes células B, CD20 positivo / Rituximab subcutaneous for the treatment of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of large B cells, CD20 positive

CONTEXTO: O linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH) é um câncer do tecido linfático, que causa aumento dos gânglios desse tecido e sintomas generalizados. A forma difusa de grandes células B (LDGCB) é o mais comum dos LNH agressivos, correspondendo a 40% dos novos casos diagnosticados e aproximadamente 30% de todos os casos registrados de LNH. É caracterizado pela proliferação maligna de linfócitos encontrados em vários estágios, formando um tumor com malignidade moderada a grave e com significativa heterogeneidade. Também tem a presença de células B com alto índice proliferativo, e manutenção com a natureza agressiva da doença. Os LDGCB podem manifestar sintomas relacionados ao crescimento rápido dos linfonodos, os quais são frequentemente cervicais e abdominais. TECNOLOGIA: Rituximabe subcutâneo (MabThera®SC®). INDICAÇÃO: Linfoma não Hodgkin difuso de grandes células B, CD20 positivo, em combinação à quimioterapia. TECNOLOGIA: Rituximabe subcutâneo (MabThera®SC®). INDICAÇÃO: Linfoma não Hodgkin difuso de grandes células B, CD20 positivo, em combinação à quimioterapia. PERGUNTA: O uso de rituximabe por via subcutânea é eficaz e seguro em pacientes com LNH difuso de grandes células B quando comparado ao rituximabe por via intravenosa? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Um ensaio clínico randomizado, fase III, com o objetivo de avaliar a nãoinferioridade farmacocinética de rituximabe por via subcutânea (SC) 1.400mg versus rituximabe por via intravenosa (IV) 375mg/m2 combinado com quimioterapia, em pacientes com linfoma folicular CD20 positivo grau 1-3ª, e também para investigar se a via de administração SC prejudicaria a atividade antilinfoma do rituximabe. A média de concentração sérica mínima (Ctrough) foi 83,13 µg/ml no grupo IV e 134,58 µg/ml no grupo SC (Razão de 1,62, IC 90%: 1,36-1,94), mostrando a não inferioridade de rituximabe SC. O perfil de eventos adversos também foi similar em ambos os grupos. Os resultados sugerem a não inferioridade da formulação subcutânea do medicamento em relação à intravenosa. AVALIAÇÃO DE CUSTO-MINIMIZAÇÃO: No modelo de custo-minimização, foram comparados o rituximabe SC com a apresentação IV. Os resultados da análise apontam para custos de tratamento equivalentes entre ambas as formulações, indicando que a incorporação da formulação subcutânea ao SUS não deverá proporcionar gastos adicionais ao sistema. Na análise de sensibilidade a única variável da análise que foi considerada foi a superfície corpórea média, que influencia diretamente no custo total de tratamento. A superfície corporal implicou uma variação de ± R$ 3.486,84 nos gastos anuais. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: O preço proposto para incorporação do medicamento é igual ao custo anual de tratamento do rituximabe intravenoso (já disponível no SUS). Desse modo, independente da taxa de difusão da tecnologia ao longo do tempo ou da população que de fato irá migrar para a nova apresentação, o impacto orçamentário incremental com a incorporação da nova tecnologia será nulo. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: Após discussão sobre as evidências apresentadas, na 51ª reunião da CONITEC, realizada nos dias 30 de novembro e 1º de dezembro de 2016, o plenário recomendou preliminarmente a não incorporação do medicamento rituximabe subcutâneo para linfoma Não-Hodgkin Difuso de Grandes Células B. A matéria será disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar não favorável. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: O relatório foi colocado em Consulta Pública nº 48/2016, entre os dias 26/12/2016 e 06/02/2017. Foram recebidas 73 contribuições, sendo 16 pelo formulário para contribuições técnico-científicas e 57 pelo formulário para contribuições sobre experiência ou opinião. A grande maioria das contribuições foram contrárias à recomendação inicial da CONITEC. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros do plenário da CONITEC presentes na reunião do dia 09/03/2017 deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a não incorporação do rituximabe SC para o tratamento de linfoma não Hodgkin difuso de grandes células B, CD20 positivo. As razões da não incorporação foram a expiração da patente do rituximabe IV, além da existência de PDP para produção do rituximabe IV pelo SUS. Dessa forma, os preços do rituximabe IV serão reduzidos. Por outro lado, a patente do rituximabe SC foi depositada no Brasil no ano de 2010 e, de acordo com o INPI, a validade da patente de invenção é de 20 anos a partir da data do depósito. Ademais, os estudos mostraram maior risco de ocorrência de reações adversas relacionadas à administração com a forma SC do que com a forma IV. Com a forma IV, é possível reduzir a velocidade de infusão ou mesmo interrompê-la, caso o paciente apresente alguma reação adversa durante a administração do medicamento. Ainda, o tratamento com rituximabe possui um tempo de duração definido, de 6 a 8 ciclos de administração, não sendo necessário seu uso contínuo.(AU)

Rituximabe subcutâneo para o tratamento de linfoma não Hodgkin de células B, folicular, CD20 positivo, não tratado previamente em combinação com quimioterapia / Rituximab subcutaneous for treatment of follicular, CD20 positive follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, previously untreated in combination with chemotherapy

CONTEXTO: O linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH) é um câncer do tecido linfático, que causa aumento dos gânglios desse tecido e sintomas generalizados. O tipo folicular é um tipo de baixo grau ou indolente, que se desenvolve lentamente, por muitos anos, muitas vezes assintomático. O LNH pode ser classificado em 4 estágios (I ­ IV) de acordo com o número de sítios envolvidos e a presença da doença acima ou abaixo do diafragma. Aproximadamente 85% dos casos são estágio III ou IV no momento da apresentação, com frequente envolvimento da medula óssea. Linfomas foliculares (LF) são altamente responsivos ao tratamento, mas o efeito deste na sobrevida é modesto, com poucos pacientes alcançando a cura (média de sobrevida entre 6 e 10 anos). Os esquemas quimioterápicos combinados ao rituximabe são geralmente recomendados como primeira linha de tratamento em pacientes com linfoma folicular em estágio avançado. TECNOLOGIA: Rituximabe subcutâneo (MabThera® SC). INDICAÇÃO: Linfoma não-Hodgkin de células B, folicular, CD20 positivo não tratado previamente, em combinação com quimioterapia. PERGUNTA: O uso de rituximabe por via subcutânea é eficaz e seguro em pacientes com LNH do tipo folicular quando comparado ao rituximabe por via intravenosa? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Identificou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado, fase III, conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a não-inferioridade farmacocinética de rituximabe por via subcutânea (SC) 1.400mg versus rituximabe por via intravenosa (IV) 375mg/m2 combinado com quimioterapia, em pacientes com LF CD20 positivo grau 1-3, e também para investigar se a via de administração SC prejudicaria a atividade antilinfoma do rituximabe. A média de concentração sérica mínima (Ctrough) foi 83,13 µg/ml no grupo IV e 134,58 µg/ml no grupo SC (razão de 1,62; IC 90%: 1,36-1,94), mostrando a não inferioridade de rituximabe SC. O perfil de eventos adversos também foi similar entre os grupos. Os resultados sugerem a não inferioridade da formulação subcutânea do medicamento em relação à intravenosa. ANÁLISE DE CUSTO-MINIMIZAÇÃO: No modelo de custo-minimização, foram comparados o rituximabe SC com a apresentação IV. Os resultados da análise apontam para custos de tratamento equivalentes entre ambas as formulações, indicando que a incorporação da formulação subcutânea ao SUS não deverá proporcionar gastos adicionais ao sistema. Na análise de sensibilidade a única variável que foi considerada foi a superfície corpórea média, que influencia diretamente no custo total de tratamento. A superfície corporal implicou uma variação de ± R$ 3.486,84 nos gastos anuais. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: O preço proposto para incorporação do medicamento torna igual o custo anual de tratamento do rituximabe intravenoso (já disponível no SUS) ao do rituximabe subcutâneo. Desse modo, independentemente da taxa de difusão da tecnologia ao longo do tempo ou da população que de fato irá migrar para a nova apresentação, o impacto orçamentário incremental com a incorporação da nova tecnologia será nulo. RECOMENDAÇÃO DA CONITEC: Após discussão sobre as evidências apresentadas, na 51ª reunião da CONITEC, realizada nos dias 30 de novembro e 1º de dezembro de 2016, o plenário recomendou preliminarmente a não incorporação do medicamento rituximabe subcutâneo para linfoma Não-Hodgkin folicular. A matéria será disponibilizada em Consulta Pública com recomendação preliminar não favorável. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: O relatório foi colocado em Consulta Pública nº 49/2016, entre os dias 26/12/2016 e 06/02/2017. Foram recebidas 107 contribuições, sendo 21 pelo formulário para contribuições técnico-científicas e 86 pelo formulário para contribuições sobre experiência ou opinião. A grande maioria das contribuições foram contrárias à recomendação inicial da CONITEC. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na reunião do plenário do dia 09/03/2017 deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a não incorporação do rituximabe SC para o tratamento de linfoma não Hodgkin de células B, folicular, CD20 positivo, não tratado previamente em combinação com quimioterapia. O motivo da não incorporação foi a expiração da patente do rituximabe IV, além da existência de PDP para produção do rituximabe IV pelo SUS. Dessa forma, os preços do rituximabe IV serão reduzidos. Por outro lado, a patente do rituximabe SC foi depositada no Brasil no ano de 2010 e, de acordo com o INPI, a validade da patente de invenção é de 20 anos a partir da data do depósito. Ademais, os estudos mostraram maior risco de ocorrência de reações adversas relacionadas à administração com a forma SC do que com a forma IV. Com a forma IV, é possível reduzir a velocidade de infusão ou mesmo interrompê-la, caso o paciente apresente alguma reação adversa durante a administração do medicamento. Ainda, o tratamento com rituximabe possui um tempo de duração definido, máximo de 8 ciclos, não sendo necessário seu uso contínuo.(AU)

Rituximab e hipogammaglobulinemia / Rituximab and hypogammaglobulinemia

El rituximab (RTX), un anticuerpo quimérico anti-CD20 que induce la depleción de linfocitos B, es utilizado para el tratamiento de enfermedades linfoproliferativas y autoinmunes. La inmunodeficiencia humoral relacionada al tratamiento con RTX comenzó a ser un motivo de derivación a nuestro Servicio, por lo que decidimos analizar a los pacientes con el antecedente de haber sido tratados con RTX que consultaron por hipogammaglobulinemia o infecciones recurrentes desde noviembre de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2014. Evaluamos a ocho pacientes, siete mujeres y un varón. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 19.3 ± 18.8 meses, rango 1 a 54, con una mediana de 13. Tres tenían proteinogramas normales previo a la administración de RTX, tres hipogammaglobulinemia, y de dos no hay datos. A ninguno se le realizó una determinación cuantitativa de inmunoglobulinas previa al tratamiento. Cuatro recibieron RTX por linfoma B no Hodgkin, dos por leucemia linfocítica crónica, uno por púrpura trombocitopénica autoinmune y otro por poliangeítis microscópica. A seis se les diagnosticó hipogammaglobulinemia y a uno deficiencia de IgM, IgA e IgG2. Cinco presentaron infecciones, cuatro con buena respuesta al tratamiento de reemplazo con gammaglobulina. La inmunodeficiencia humoral relacionada a RTX es una causa de consulta cada vez más frecuente. Resulta fundamental disponer de los niveles de inmunoglobulinas previo al inicio de su administración para poder establecer una relación etiológica y durante el seguimiento, para disminuir el retraso diagnóstico. El tratamiento con gammaglobulina en dosis sustitutivas parece ser de utilidad en pacientes con infecciones graves o recurrentes.

Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20, induces the depletion of B lymphocytes. It is used for the treatment of lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases. Antibody immunodeficiency associated to RTX treatment is a new motif for consultation to our service. We decided to study those patients that having been treated with RTX, consulted for hypogammaglobulinemia or recurrent infections between November 2010 and December 2014. We evaluated eight patients, seven female and one male. The average follow up time was 19.3 ± 18.8 months, range 1 to 54, median 13. Three had a normal electrophoretic proteinogram before receiving RTX, three had hypogammaglobulinemia and in two data was not available. None of them had a quantitative determination of immunoglobulins before receiving RTX. Four received RTX as a treatment of non Hodking lymphoma, two as a treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, one for immune thrombocytopenic purpura and other for microscopic polyangiitis. Six were diagnosed with hypogammaglobulinemia and one with combined IgM, IgA and IgG2 deficiency. Five presented infections, four of them with good response to intravenous immunoglobulin. RTX related antibody deficiency consultations are increasing. It is important to determine the immunoglobulin levels previously to RTX use in order to establish an etiologic relationship with RTX and a quick diagnosis of antibody deficiency. The substitutive treatment with gammaglobulin seems to be useful in patients with severe or recurrent infections.

Estudo das variáveis de prognóstico clínico, da PET e PET/CT com 18FDG tomografia por emissão de pósitron/tomografia computadorizada ínterim, e do conceito de célula de origem por imuno-histoquímica em pacientes com linfoma difuso de grandes células B tratados com quimioimunoterapia / Study of clinical prognostic factors, interim PET and PET/CT with 18-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and immunohistochemistry cell of origin in patients

O linfoma difuso de grandes células B (LDGCB) é o linfoma não-Hodgkin mais comum em nossa instituição (49,5%) e a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece vários subtipos de LDGCB com base na morfologia, imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e perfil molecular. Metade dos pacientes permanecem incuráveis com terapia padrão baseada no anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD20 (rituximabe) e quimioterapia baseada em antraciclina. Portanto, é necessário identificar pacientes de alto risco e melhorar o seu prognóstico. Na era pré-rituximabe, a melhor maneira de identificar esse grupo de alto risco baseava-se no Índice de Prognóstico Internacional (IPI). Mais recentemente, grande interesse em subtipos moleculares e a caracterização da assinatura gênica das células malignas têm sido publicados. Pacientes com perfil de expressão gênica do centro germinativo (CG) parecem ter melhor prognóstico do que aqueles com assinatura de células B ativadas. Algoritmos IHC correspondentes foram propostos e o de Hans é o mais usado. No entanto, estes indicadores prognósticos têm sido questionados na era rituximabe. Além da classificação molecular, imagem funcional das células tumorais com 18F-fluodesoxiglucose (18F-FDG), a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET/CT) tem sido recomendada ao diagnóstico e final do tratamento para aumentar a acurácia do estadiamento e avaliação de resposta. Embora alguns estudos tenham demonstrado que PET ínterim pode prognosticar a eficácia do tratamento, não há consenso e a utilização da PETi permanece controversa. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto de fatores prognósticos clínicos, da PETi após dois ciclos de quimioterapia, e a célula de origem (CO) usando o algoritmo de Hans, como ferramentas prognósticas em pacientes tratados com R-CHOP 21. Foram analisados prospectivamente 147 pacientes. Dados clínicos estavam disponíveis em 146 casos. PETi foi realizada em 111 pacientes e 114 pacientes foram classificados em CG e NCG pelo...

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in our institution (49.5%) and the World Health Organization classification recognizes several subtypes of DLBCL based on morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular analysis. A half of patients remain incurable with standard strategy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to identify high risk patients and improve their prognosis. In the pre-rituximab era, the best way to identify this high risk group was based on International Prognostic Index (IPI). More recently, lot of interest on molecular subtypes and aspects that characterize the gene signature of the malignant cells have been published. Patients with gene expression profile from germinal center (GC) seem to show better prognosis than those with Bcells activated signature. Correspondents algorithms based on IHC were proposed and Hans algorithm is the most commonly used. However these prognostic indicators have also been questioned in the rituximab era. In addition to the molecular classification, functional imaging of the tumor cells with 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography PET/CT has been recommended at diagnosis and at the end of treatment to improve accuracy of staging and response evaluation. Although some studies have shown that interim PET may be a prognostic indicator of effectiveness of treatment, there is no agreement and the use of interim PET as a prognostic factor remains controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of clinical prognostic factors, interim imaging with 18F-FDG PET/CT after 2 cycles of treatment and cell of origin (CO) using Hans' algorithm as prognostic tools in patients treated with R-CHOP 21. 147 DLBCL patients were analyzed prospectively and clinical data was available in 146 cases. 18 F-FDG interim PET/CT was performed in 111 patients and DLBCL was classified as...

Cost-utility analysis of IEV drug regimen versus ESHAP drug regimen for the patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Iran

Background: Chemotherapy for lymph nodes cancer is often composed of several drugs that are used in a treatment program

Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform a cost-utility analysis of IEV regimen [ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide] versus ESHAP regimen [etoposide, methylprednisolone, high-dose cytarabine, and cisplatin] in patients with lymphoma in the south of Iran

Patients and Methods: This was a cost-utility analysis done as a cross-sectional study in the south of Iran. Using decision tree, expected costs, quality -adjusted life years [QALYs] and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [ICER] were estimated. In addition, the robustness of results was examined by sensitivity analysis

Results: The results of this study indicated that the total lymphoma patients were about 65 people that 27 patients received IEV regimen and 38 patients ESHAP [43 patients with Hodgkin's and 22 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. The results of decision tree showed that in the IEV arm, the expected cost was dollar 20952.93 and the expected QALYs was 3.89 and in the ESHAP arm, the expected cost was dollar 31691.74 and the expected QALYs was 3.86. Based on the results of the study, IEV regimen was cost-effective alternative to the ESHAP regimen

Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it is recommended that oncologists use IEV instead of ESHAP in the treatment of patients with lymphoma and because of high costs of IEV drug costs, it is suggested that IEV drugs should be covered by insurance

BRAF V600E and MAP2K1 Mutations in Hairy Cell Leukemia and Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Cases

No abstract available.

Linfoma de Hodgkin y no Hodgkin durante la gestación: a propósito de dos casos / Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin during pregnancy: report of two cases

Las neoplasias hematológicas en el embarazo conllevan un gran riesgo para la madre y el feto. El linfoma, Hodgkin (LH) y no Hodgkin (LNH), es la cuarta causa más frecuente de cáncer diagnosticado en el embarazo. El tipo más frecuente es el LH, mientras que la incidencia de LNH es muy baja. Presentamos dos casos de gestantes de 29 y 25 años, diagnosticadas en el segundo trimestre de la gestación de LNH mediastínico de células B y LH tipo esclerosis nodular respectivamente. Ambas fueron tratadas con quimioterapia desde el diagnóstico hasta dos semanas antes del parto, con buen resultado perinatal.

Haematological cancer in pregnancy poses a substantial risk to both, mother and fetus. Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), is the fourth most frequent malignancy diagnosed during pregnancy. The most common type of lymphoma in this setting is HL, and the incidence of pregnancy associated NHL is very low. In this report we describe two cases of a 29-year-old woman and a 25-year-old woman both in the second trimester of pregnancy, diagnosed with mediastinal B-cell NHL and nodular-sclerosis HL respectively. They were managed with chemotherapy since the diagnosis as far as two weeks before the delivery, both with a successful fetal outcome.